Isidingo somhlaba wonke samaprotheni ezilwane siqhubeka nokukhula ngesivinini esingakaze sibonwe, siqhutshwa ukukhula kwabantu kanye nokuceba okwandayo emazweni asathuthuka. Izindlela zokulima zakudala zodwa zihlupheka ukuthi zihambisane nalesi sidingo ngenkathi futhi zibhekana nezingqinamba ezicindezelayo zemvelo nezokuziphatha. Kulapho amandla aguqukayo ezicelo zezilwane zobuchwephesheshe bezinto eziphilayo ezingeni eliphezulu ezigxile khona, enikeza izixazululo ezintsha eziyimpikiswano ezindala. Ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi athuthukile wezindaba zofuzo kanye ne-molecular biology, umkhakha wobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo nezilwane uguqula indlela esizala ngayo, esondla ngayo, futhi siphathe ngayo izilwane. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Yunnan Sanzheng Bioengineering Co., Ltd., esebenza ngokusebenzisa uhlobo lwayo lwe-Saturn Biotechnology, zisezingeni eliphezulu kulezi zinto ezintsha, zinikeza izixazululo zokudla kwezilwane nempilo ezihambisana nentuthuko yezindaba zofuzo. Ukuzibophezela kwazo ekukhiqizeni izilwane okusimeme ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo ezincane kubonisa izinyathelo eziwusizo ezithathwayo ukuguqula okutholakele emalaboratorini kube yinto engokoqobo kwezentengiselwano. Njengoba sihluza lonke uhla lwamathuba, kuyacaca ukuthi ukuhlanganisa izilwane zobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo ezindaweni ezijwayelekile zezolimo akuyona nje inketho kodwa kuyadingeka ukuze kutholakale uhlelo lokudla oluqinile.

Lesi sihloko sihlose ukunikeza amabhizinisi ukuqonda okuphelele ukuthi izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe bezilwane zingathuthukisa kanjani ukukhiqiza, ukusimama, nokwenza inzuzo. Sizohlola ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo ngemuva kwezilwane ezihlelwe ngofuzo, silinganise izinzuzo zemvelo nezomnotho, futhi sikhulume ngezinkathazo ezisemthethweni ezihambisana noshintsho olujulile kangaka. Ngokusekelwa izibonelo zangempela kanye nolwazi lwezinhlangano ezifana neYunnan Sanzheng, sizobonisa ukuthi lezi zinto ezintsha sezivele zisebenza kanjani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizohlola indlela yobuchwepheshe bezilwane esikhathini esizayo maqondana nokuphepha kokudla komhlaba wonke kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu. Kubantu abenza izinqumo emkhakheni wezolimo, ukuqonda lezi zimo kubalulekile ukuze uhlale uqhudelana futhi uphendula. Imininingwane enikeziwe lapha yakhelwe ukuhola ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamasu kanye nezinqumo zokusebenza ezihambisana nezidingo zemakethe kanye namazinga okuziphatha. Ekugcineni, uhambo oluya ekuthuthukiseni ezolimo zezilwane ngobuchwepheshe yilona oludinga ukubambisana, ukwethembeka, nombono owabiwe ngekusasa elingcono.

Inhliziyo yocwaningo lwesimanje lwezobuchwepheshe bezilwane luyizobuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi, ikakhulukazi i-CRISPR‑Cas9, evumela ososayensi ukuthi benze izinguquko eziqondile ku-DNA yomzimba. Ngokungafani nezinye izindlela zokuguqula izakhi ezindala eziye zangenisa i-DNA yangaphandle evela kwezinye izinhlobo ezingahlobene, ukuhlela izakhi kugxile ekuhleleni i-genome ekhona, ngokuvamile kulingisa izinguquko zemvelo ezingenzeka ngokwazo. Leli phuzu libalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ukuphepha nokunemba kwezilwane zobuchwepheshe, njengoba kunciphisa ingozi yemiphumela engahlosiwe. Isikhungo sikazwelonke sezobuchwepheshe bezilwane kanye neminye imikhakha efanayo yocwaningo emhlabeni wonke isungule izinqubo zokuhlola lezi zinguquko, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpawu ezizuzisayo kuphela ezingeniswa. Ngokwesibonelo, abacwaningi bahlela ngempumelelo izingulube ukuthi zibe namandla okumelana ne-Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), isifo esilimazayo esibiza imboni izigidigidi minyaka yonke. Lezi zicelo zibonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bezilwane nezilwane zingasebenza kanjani ndawonye ukuxazulula izinselele zezempilo ezingapheli ngaphandle kokuncika kuma-antibiotics noma izimvimbela-gciwane. Ubuchwepheshe buphinde busetshenziswe ukuthuthukisa izinga lokukhula, ukusebenza kahle kokudla, kanye nezinga lokudla okunomsoco kwenyama, ubisi, namayihwa, okunikeza indlela ehlukahlukene yokuthuthukisa ezolimo.

Amandla okwenza izinguquko eziqondile emvelweni asheshisa inqubo yokuzalanisa kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuzalanisa okukhethayo kwendabuko, okuhlala kuthatha izizukulwane eziningi ukuze kufezekiswe izimfanelo ezifunwayo. Ngokuhlela izakhi zofuzo, i-allele enenzuzo ingangeniswa esizukulwaneni esisodwa, okonga iminyaka yesikhathi sokuthuthukisa futhi kunciphise izindleko zokukhiqiza izilwane ezikhethekile. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ezimfanelweni ezinzima ukuzikhetha ngezindlela ezijwayelekile, njengokumelana nezifo noma ukubekezelelana nokushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunemba kwamathuluzi la avumela abalimi ukuthi bagcine ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza, ibhalansi okunzima ukuyifinyelela. Ezinkampanini ezifana neYunnan Sanzheng Bioengineering, okuyindodana yayo iSaturn Biotechnology egxile ezithasiselweni zokudla kanye nokudla kwezilwane, ukusebenzisana phakathi koku thuthukiswa kwezakhi zofuzo nokudla okuhle kakhulu kuyisihluthulelo sokubambisana. YaboMayelana Nathi ikhasi lichaza umgomo wokusekela ukusebenza kahle kwezilwane ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili, okungeza izinzuzo zofuzo ezihlinzekwa ubuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo. Ngokuyisisekelo, ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo akufaki indawo ukuphathwa kahle nokudla okunomsoco kodwa kwandisa izinzuzo zombili, kudala indlela ebanzi yokulima kwezilwane.

Enye yezizathu ezihehayo kakhulu zokwamukela izilwane ze-biotech ukunciphisa umthelela wezindawo ezithinta imvelo ekukhiqizweni kwezilwane. Izilwane ezihlelwe ngofuzo ezisebenza kahle ngokudla zidinga okusanhlamvu namanzi amancane ukuze zifinyelele isisindo sokuthengisa, okunciphisa ngqo isidingo sezinto ezisetshenziswa ezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwabonakala ukuthi ukuhlelwa okuthile kunganciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-methane ezilwaneni ezimuncayo, okuyisici esikhulu esinikela emagesini abamba ukushisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ososayensi bahlola izindlela zokushintsha i-microbiome yamathumbu ezinkomo ngokusebenzisa izindlela zofuzo nezimayelana namagciwane, nemiphumela yokuqala ethembisayo. Imikhiqizo ye-microbial biotechnology yeYunnan Sanzheng, njengoba igqanyiswe ku-Izindaba ikhasi, selivele lihlose ukuthuthukisa ukugayeka kokudla nokunciphisa ukukhishwa, futhi ukuhlanganisa lokhu nezindlela zofuzo kungandisa izinzuzo. Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba nakho kuba ngempumelelo lapho izilwane zikhula ngokushesha futhi zikhiqize inyama noma ubisi oluningi ngeyunithi yokudla, kukhulule umhlaba ukuze usetshenziswe ekulondolozweni noma kwezinye izinjongo. Ngokwamukela ubuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo nezilwane ngokuhlangene, umkhakha ungathatha izinyathelo ezibalulekile ukufeza Imigomo Yokuthuthukiswa Okuzinzile Yenhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene.

Ngokwezimali, izinto ezintsha zezilwane zobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo zinikeza abalimi indlela eqondile yokuthuthukisa inzuzo ngokunciphisa izindleko zokufaka kanye nemiphumela esezingeni eliphezulu. Izilwane ezizwela kakhulu ezifweni ezivamile zidinga ukwelashwa okuncane kwezilwane futhi zibhekana namazinga aphansi okufa, okuguqulela ekongeni okukhulu. Ukusebenza kahle kokudla, isici esingathuthukiswa ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo, kungenye yezinto ezinkulu ezibangela izindleko emisebenzini yezilwane, ngakho-ke ngisho nokuthuthukiswa okuncane kungaba nomthelela omkhulu emgqeni ongezansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane zobuchwepheshe eziningi zikhiqiza inyama noma ubisi olunezici eziphakeme, njengobudlelwano obuphezulu obuncane-kuya-ku-fat noma ama-omega-3 fatty acids anothile, angathola amanani aphezulu emakethe. Kubakhiqizi abafuna ukwamukela lezi zinto zobuchwepheshe, izinkampani ezifana neSaturn Biotechnology zinikeza uhla lwezinto.Imikhiqizoezisekela impilo nokusebenza kwezilwane, kudale isixazululo esihlanganisiwe. Umthelela wezomnotho udlulela ngalé kwepulazi, kuzuze abaphakeli bokudla, abacubunguli, nabathengisi abangakwazi ukumaketha imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu. Njengoba ukuncintisana komhlaba kukhula, abasebenzisi bokuqala balezi zindlela kungenzeka bathole inzuzo enkulu ekusebenzeni nasekusimameni.

Abathengi namuhla bayazi kakhulu ngekhwalithi yokudla abakuthengayo, nezilwane ezithuthukiswe ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe zingaletha ngempela ukuthuthuka kule ndawo. Ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo kusetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza izingulube ezinamazinga aphezulu ama-omega-3 fatty acids, anenzuzo empilweni yenhliziyo, kanye nezinkomo ezikhiqiza ubisi olunezinga eliphansi le-lactose. Lezi zinguquko zixazulula izinkinga ezivamile zokudla ngaphandle kokudinga ukuthi abathengi bashintshe imikhuba yabo yokudla noma bathembele ezithasiselweni. Iphrofayili yokudla ethuthukisiwe yemikhiqizo yezilwane ezithuthukiswe ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe ingasiza futhi ukulwa nokungondleki ezindaweni lapho ukudla okuvela ezilwaneni kuyisilinganiso esiyinhloko samaprotheni kanye nama-micronutrients. Amaqanda anothiswe ngamavithamini nenyama enezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zamalungana nama-amino acid kungafinyelelwa, ngenxa yezinyathelo zofuzo eziqondisiwe. Kubathengi abazinakekelayo impilo, ukwazi ukuthi isayensi ithuthukise ukudla okusepuletini labo kwakha ukwethembana futhi kukhuthaze ukuthenga. Izinkampani ezikhuluma ngokucacile ngalezi zinzuzo, njengeziboniswe kuIkhaya ikhasi leSaturn Biotechnology, lingahlukanisa amabhrendi abo emakethe egcwele. Ekugcineni, izinzuzo zomsoco zezilwane ze-biotech zimele isixhumanisi esiqondile phakathi kwezinto ezintsha kwezolimo kanye nempilo enhle yomthengi.

Ngaphandle kwezinzuzo ezicacile, umbono womphakathi uhlala ungenye yezithiyo ezinkulu ekwamukelweni kwemikhiqizo yezilwane ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo. Abathengi abaningi banokungabaza okujwayelekile kubuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo, bavame ukudida ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo nezinye izindlela zakudala zokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezazibandakanya i-transgenics. Ulwazi olungalungile kanye nezihloko ezidala umsindo zingandisa lokhu kwesaba, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi ulwazi oluqondile lwesayensi lutholakale kalula. Imikhankaso yezemfundo echaza ngokucacile umehluko phakathi kokuhlela izakhi zofuzo nokuguqulwa kwe-transgenic ibalulekile ekwakheni ukwethembana. Isikhungo sikazwelonke sobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo zezilwane kanye nemibutho yezimboni bayasebenza ukuhlinzeka ngezinsiza ezilinganisiwe, ezinobunye ubufakazi bomphakathi. Nokho, izindinganiso zamasiko nezikazwelonke ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ezifundeni, okusho ukuthi isu lokuxhumana elilodwa elizosebenza kubo bonke cishe ngeke liphumelele. Izinkampani zokudla nabakhiqizi kufanele babambe iqhaza engxoxweni eqotho nabathengi, bexazulula izinkathazo ngaphandle kokuzihlehlisa. Ukuba sobala mayelana nenqubo yokulawula kanye nokuhlolwa kokuphepha izilwane ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo ezidlula kukho kungase kusize ukunciphisa ukukhathazeka, kuvule indlela yokwamukelwa okunolwazi.

Imithetho nemihlahlandlela yezilwane ze-biotech iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ihlukene, lapho izwe ngalinye lisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene kakhulu ukuze kuvunyelwe nokulebula. E-United States, i-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) igada izinguquko eziqondile ze-genomic ezilwaneni futhi yenze inqubo elula yokubuyekezwa kwezinto ezithile ezihlelwe nge-gene, kanti i-European Union ibeke imikhawulo eqinile. Le nhlanganisela yemithetho idala ukungaqiniseki kubalimi nezinkampani zokudla ezisebenza emhlabeni wonke, njengoba umkhiqizo ovunyelwe emakethe eyodwa ungase uvimbelwe kwenye. Izindleko nesikhathi esidingekayo ukuze uhambe kulezi zindlela zemithetho zingaba nzima, ikakhulukazi ezinkampanini ezincane kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo. Amaqembu abameli nezinhlangano zesayensi zicela imithetho ehambisanayo, esekelwe ezingozini ezihlukanisa ukuhlelwa kwe-gene nokuguqulwa kwe-transgenic. Imithetho ecacile izosheshisa ubuchule futhi iqinisekise ukuthi ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle kwezilwane ze-biotech kuhlolwa njalo. Ezebhizinisi, ukuhlala unolwazi ngentuthuko yemithetho kubalulekile, kanye nezinsiza ezifana ne-Ikhasi Elisha ukuze ucele usizo namasampula kungasiza izinkampani ukuthi zihlanganyele nabachwepheshe abaqonda lezi zici.

Abagxeki bavame ukuveza izinkathazo mayelana nenhlalakahle yezilwane emikhakheni yezicelo zezilwane zobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo, bebuzwa ukuthi ukungenelela kwezofuzo kungadala yini ukuhlupheka okungahlosiwe. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imisebenzi eminingi yokuhlela izofuzo ihlose ngokusobala ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle ngokuphelisa izimo ezibuhlungu, njengokuzalanisa izinkomo ezingenampondo ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala phakathi nokuthutha. Noma kunjalo, noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa kwezofuzo kudinga ukubuyekezwa ngokucophelela kwezomthetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ikhwalithi yokuphila kwezilwane ayithinteki. Isikhungo sikazwelonke sezobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo zezilwane kanye nezinhlangano ezihlangene nazo zakhe izinhlaka zokuhlola inhlalakahle ezimpoqelelwe ucwaningo oluxhaswe ngezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani ezifana neYunnan Sanzheng Bioengineering, ngokusebenzisa uhlobo lwazo lweSaturn Biotechnology, zigcizelela inhlalakahle yezilwane njengento eyinhloko kuwoUkusekela umgomo, okubandakanya ukuhlinzeka ngezixazululo zokudla okunomsoco ezinciphisa ingcindezi nesifo. Ngokubandakanya ososayensi benhlalakahle yezilwane ekwakhiweni nasekuvunyelweni kokuhlela izakhi zofuzo, imboni ingabonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo nezilwane zingahlala ndawonye nezinga eliphezulu lokuziphatha. Ukuphathwa ngokuzibophezela kufuna ukuthi inhlalakahle ingabi yinto eyenziwa kamuva kodwa ibe yisici esiyinhloko sokwakhiwa.

Ngokubheka phambili, izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe bezilwane zizodlala indima enkulu ekufezeni ukuphepha kokudla emhlabeni wonke phakathi noshintsho lwesimo sezulu kanye nemikhawulo yezinsiza. Inani labantu emhlabeni kulindeleke ukuthi lifinyelele izigidigidi eziyishumi phakathi nenkulungwane, okudinga ukwanda okukhulu ekukhiqizeni ukudla ngaphandle kokwandisa umthelela wezolimo emvelweni. Izilwane ezihlelwe ngofuzo ezimelana nokushisa okubabayo, ezimelana nezifo ezivelayo, futhi ezisebenza kahle ekuguquleni izinselo zibe amaprotheni zizoba amathuluzi abalulekile kulo mzamo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe bezilwane ne-precision agriculture, ukuqapha kwedijithali, kanye nezithako zokudla ezithuthukisiwe kungakha izinzuzo ezihlangene. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-national institute of animal biotechnology zivele zisebenzisana nabalingani bemboni ukuthuthukisa amamephu omgwaqo ahambisana nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe nezinhloso zokuzinza. Umsebenzi owenziwa yiYunnan Sanzheng Bioengineering, njengoba ubonakala kuwoIkhaya ikhasi, libonisa ukuthi izixazululo zamagciwane zingangezela kanjani ezimpumelelweni zofuzo ukuze kuncishiswe kakhulu ukukhishwa futhi kuthuthukiswe impilo yezilwane. Ikusasa cishe lizobona ukuhlangana kwezifundo, lapho izofuzo, ukudla, nokuphathwa kuthuthukiswa ndawonye ngezindlela ezisekelwe kudatha.

Enye indlela ethembisayo ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ze-biotech njengezindawo zokukhiqiza amaprotheni emithi nezinye izinto ezinenzuzo enkulu, okwaziwa njengokulinywa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkomo, izimbuzi, nezinkukhu eziklanywe ngendlela efanele zingakhiqiza amaprotheni okwelapha emanzini azo noma emaqandeni azo, zinikeze inkundla yokukhiqiza engakhuphuka futhi engabizi kakhulu. Lesi sicelo asingezi kuphela inani kubakhiqizi kodwa sibonisa nokuguquguquka kwe-biotechnology nezilwane ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kokudla okujwayelekile. Njengoba ukwamukelwa komphakathi kukhula kancane kancane futhi izinhlaka zokulawula zivuthwa, kulindeleke ukuthi umugqa wokukhiqiza izinto ezinjalo wandise. Ukutshalwa kwezimali engqalasizinda yocwaningo kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kukahulumeni nezinkampani ezizimele kuyoba kubalulekile ukuguqula impumelelo yase-laboratory ibe yimikhiqizo yemakethe. Izinkampani ezizibeka kusenesikhathi kule ndawo, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe nemikhiqizo yezinkampani ezifana ne-Saturn Biotechnology, zingathola amathuba amakhulu. Okubalulekile ukugcina ukugxila okuqhubekayo ekuphepheni, ukwethembeka, kanye nezinzuzo ezibonakalayo kubathengi kanye nemvelo ngokufanayo.

Ubufakazi obethulwe kulesi sihloko benza icala eliqinisekisa ukuthi izicelo zezilwane zobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo aziseyona eyokuhlola kuphela kodwa sezilungele ukwamukelwa kabanzi kwezentengiselwano. Kusukela ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwegesi elibangela umphumela wokushisa komhlaba nokwehlisa izindleko zokukhiqiza kuya ekuthuthukiseni inani lokudla okunomsoco, izinzuzo zihlukahlukene futhi zibalulekile. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinselelo ezihlobene nokubona komphakathi, imithetho, kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane zingalawuleka ngokuxhumana okucacile, isayensi enesibopho, kanye nokwenziwa kwezinqubomgomo ezibandakanya bonke. Ukuzibophezela kwezinkampani ezifana neYunnan Sanzheng Bioengineering ekondleni nasekuphileni kwezilwane okusimeme, njengoba kuchazwe kuwoMayelana Nathi ikhasi, ibonisa ukuthi imboni isivele yenza izinyathelo zokuzithuthukisa ngale ndlela. Ezamabhizinisi emaketangeni amanani ezolimo, manje yisikhathi sokuhlola ukuthi lezi zinto ezintsha zingahlanganiswa kanjani emisebenzini yazo. Noma ngabe ngokwamukela izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlelwe ngofuzo, ukubambisana nezinkampani ze-biotech, noma ukutshala imali emikhiqizweni enomsoco eyengeziwe, amathuba ayiningi.

Ukuze kuqhubeke, abenzi bezinqumo kufanele baqale bazifundise bona kanye namaqembu abo ngesayensi kanye nesimo sezomthetho sezilwane ze-biotech. Ukusebenzisana nabathengisi abahlonishwayo kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo kungahlinzeka ngosekelo lobuchwepheshe oludingekayo ukuze kuphumelele ukusebenza. Siyakukhuthaza kakhulu ukuthi uhlole i-Imikhiqizoihlinzekwa yi-Saturn Biotechnology, eklanyelwe ukukhulisa impilo nokusebenza kwezilimo ngezixazululo eziphambili zamagciwane. Ukucela isampula noma ukuhlela ukubonisana nge-Ikhasi Elishakungaba yisinyathelo sokuqala esisebenzayo sokuthuthukisa umsebenzi wakho. Ukuhlala unolwazi ngentuthuko yakamuva embonini nge-Izindaba ingxenye izokusiza ukuthi uhlale usezingeni eliphezulu. Ngokuhlanganisa ukuphumelela kwezinguquko zezakhi zofuzo ocwaningweni lwezilwane ze-biotechnology nokusekelwa okunomsoco okufakazelwe, amabhizinisi angahlangabezana ngokuzethemba nezidingo zomhlaba oshintsha ngokushesha. Ikusasa lezolimo zezilwane libhalwa manje, futhi labo abahlanganyela kakhulu bazosiza ukubumba uhlelo olukhiqiza kakhulu, olusimeme, futhi olunomusa ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.